There are many reasons to commend this book, which received accolades from nearly every major media outlet in 2020. If nothing else, it is worth checking out as it is quickly becoming one of the most influential books in the ongoing cultural conversation about racism in America. But it has value far beyond its ability to inform.
The metaphor Wilkerson uses in the beginning of the book is apropos: the general discontentment of American citizens—and particularly as it is highlighted among groups with different amounts of melanin in their skin—is analogous to rot in the structural foundation of an old house. Just as the current owners of a Victorian-era home are not responsible for mistakes that may have allowed water to seep into their foundation long before they were born, no one alive today is directly responsible for the African slave trade or the passing of Jim Crow laws. But we have inherited a problem which, if ignored, will only get worse until the consequences are catastrophic.
Given Wilkerson's distinguished career as a journalist, it is no surprise that she is at her best in this book as an investigative storyteller. Her research and presentation of our country's long history of abuse and subjugation of groups of people based on something as subjective as the color of their skin is riveting. While difficult to read, it is vital that we know the worst parts of our nation’s history, as it provides important context for our present struggles. She presents this story in a manner that moves the reader to empathy without being heavy-handed.
In fact, one of Wilkerson’s stated goals for this book is to move readers toward “racial empathy,” a term by which she means “
putting in the work to educate oneself and to listen with a humble heart to understand another’s experience from their perspective, not as we imagine we would feel… it is the kindred connection from a place of deep knowing that opens your spirit to the pain of another as they perceive it.” This is a worthy goal, and a concept that will be crucial moving forward if there is to be healing for our country’s deep cultural and political divides. Listening to understand (rather than merely to respond) and sincerely striving to see things from differing points of view are not just good ideas—for Christians they are biblical mandates (Col. 3:12-14). Unity does not imply or require conformity; we can and should aim to better understand and empathize with one another without necessarily agreeing with one another, and this book helps in that regard.
For all the positives this book contains, however, Wilkerson only partially convinced me of the book’s central thesis: that race relations in the United States are best characterized as a caste system, which she compares to caste systems in India and in Nazi Germany. I do not argue with her contention that there are systemic problems resulting in disadvantages (and often outright persecution) for people of different ethnic backgrounds which have existed for the entirety of our national history. And I appreciate the care she takes in acknowledging that these problems are rarely the result of actual hatred or conscious prejudice: “
Caste is insidious and therefore powerful because it is not hatred; it is not necessarily personal. It is the worn grooves of comforting routines and unthinking expectations, patterns of a social order that have been in place for so long that it looks like the natural order of things.” Undoubtedly, there are “unthinking expectations” which can lead to misunderstanding or hurt in our interactions with one another, and I do not pretend that I am immune to this myself. Sadly, Wilkerson leaves the reader with little hope for real change.
But while I acknowledge and condemn the tragic history and continuing menace of racism in America, I remain unconvinced that “caste” is the best way to think about and address the racial divide in our nation. While there are definitely some superficial similarities to caste systems in 1930s Germany and the last few millennia in India, Wilkerson did not seem to give more than a cursory survey of the points of resemblance, rather than an academic comparison of German and Indian systems with that of America. This is more than just an issue of semantics, as the term “caste” seems to convey a sense of inevitability that I don’t feel is supported by Wilkerson’s work.
One glaring difference that is not sufficiently explored in the book is the fact that there has never been a time in our country’s history when the subjugation/oppression of black people was an uncontested, near-universally held position. Unlike in India and the Third Reich, where internal resistance to the oppressive treatment of the lower castes was rare, race-based subjugation has always been a major point of contention in our country. For all our national sins and failures in this area, there have always been those who vehemently opposed slavery, segregation, and racism; always rejected the inherent superiority or inferiority of groups of people based solely on the color of their skin. To then imply that “whiteness” itself is the source of the problems we’re facing today seems to undercut her own argument that skin color is a terrible reason to judge an entire group of people.
I don’t mean to minimize the reality that—to return to the opening illustration—there is rot in our system that needs to be addressed. And I don’t want to spend a lot of time criticizing the book for what it is not. I truly appreciate the perspective she provides, and am largely sympathetic to her cause. I wholeheartedly and enthusiastically endorse her call to “radical empathy” and am committed to such myself, for many reasons. To a point, I can even understand the pessimism expressed in the book. From Wilkerson’s perspective, there has not been a lot of reason for optimism lately. I get that! I just wish that the book had more hope to offer to readers of all skin tones who genuinely want to see societal change in this area but who don’t believe that this requires buying into the narrative of modern secular Progressivism and the entire political agenda it entails. Still, I am grateful for this valuable addition to the conversation, and for the way it has helped to continue shaping my own thinking.